How to Write a Limerick - Pulse, Rhythm & Rhyme
Dave tends to the formalist tradition in poetry and has work published in several e-zines and poetry sites.
Regarding Authorship:
All the limericks on this hub are originals by Paraglider, except the selection from Edward Lear, which is clearly attributed.
A Typical Limerick -
The trouble with wearing the tartan
is everyone thinks you're a Spartan
who relishes cold
in the goolies. (I'm told
the best way to heat 'em is fartan!)
What Makes a Limerick?
A limerick is a short verse in a well-defined form which we'll look at soon. Most limericks are (or are meant to be) funny or silly. Many are risque. Some are downright obscene. Very few are serious, as the form isn't equipped to carry deeper thoughts or emotions.
This is not a Limerick:
The Anglo-Saxon
brays like a klaxon
but the words of the Celt
are deeply felt.
Yet it is a short humorous verse, so, clearly what differentiates the limerick from other light verses is its adherence to a recognised (and immediately recognisable) metrical pattern, or form.
The limerick has four ingredients:
- the verse form
- the pulse
- the rhythm
- the rhyme
Let's look at these in turn, starting with...
The Verse Form
The limerick has five lines. Lines 1, 2 & 5 are the same length as each other. Lines 3 & 4 match each other, but are shorter than 1, 2 & 5. So far, so good, but how long is long and how short is short? This brings us to...
The Pulse
Lines 1, 2 & 5 have exactly three strong beats that you can clap or tap your foot to. They also have a fourth silent beat at the end of the line, which you feel, but don't hear, before you move on to the next line. Lines 3 & 4 have exactly two strong beats, but no silent beat at the end. So the pulse is like this:
clap clap clap (duh)
clap clap clap (duh)
clap clap
clap clap
clap clap clap (duh)
Every limerick follows this pulse. A verse that doesn't conform isn't necessarily wrong, or bad, but it just isn't a limerick.
The Rhythm
Limericks are always written with a triplet rhythm. To understand this, compare the words camera and football. Read this aloud and you'll hear the difference:
camera camera camera camera football football football football
So, the triplet (camera) rhythm is always used in limericks. The duplet (football) rhythm is not. Now apply camera to the regular clapping pulse, and you get this:
a camera camera man (duh)
a camera camera man (duh)
a camera man
a camera man
a camera camera man (duh)
And that is the basic verse form, pulse and rhythm of every limerick. Slight variations are normal and inevitable, but again, unless your verse conforms to that underlying pattern, it simply isn't a limerick.
The Rhyme
This is the easiest part. Lines 1, 2 & 5 (the longer lines) rhyme with each other. Lines 3 & 4 (the short lines) rhyme together. Because limericks are very short, the rhyming is expected to be good. Try to avoid 'near misses' like foot/tooth or hat/cut.
And that's it
If you can follow these four basic rules (verse, pulse, rhythm, rhyme) you will produce 'correct' limericks. But will they be any good? That's up to you. It depends on your ideas, your judgement, your inner ear. And lots of practice. By the way, limericks do not have to begin - There was an old man - in fact it's quite refreshing when they don't. One last thought: please steer clear of Nantucket. It's been done to death and wasn't worth doing in the first place! Have fun :)
Edward Lear
Edward Lear's limericks are different in that the last line is more or less a throwaway variation of line 1. But Lear's limericks were for children and half the joy of them is in his wonderfully crazy illustrations.
There was an old man of Spithead,
Who opened the window, and said, -
'Fil-jomble, fil-jumble,
Fil-rumble-come-tumble!'
That doubtful old man of Spithead.
(Edward Lear - Book of Nonsense)
A Few Examples
There was an old man who throughout
a lifetime of worry and doubt
could never determine
if under his ermine
King Henry was skinny or stout.
There was an old man who although
his birth had occurred long ago
when quietly told
"Good sir, you are old"
grew angry and shouted "Not so!"
John Dowland was talented, young
and handsome, and famously hung
but said "If I bang
the Queen, I will hang
and none of my songs will be sung!"
Your comments are welcome, especially if you send them as limericks. But please respect others' copyright.
Comments
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on December 16, 2019:
Verlie - welcome back, and with the first comment on this hub for 5 years! Hope all is well :)
Verlie Burroughs from Canada on December 12, 2019:
I'm back to learn limerick this time
My first efforts weren't worth a dime
That was eight years ago
And only so so - See
I've aged, and now write sublime
Okay, okay, I'm working on it. Thanks Dave!
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on July 15, 2014:
Hi Jodah - English language verse is not syllabic. The language is based on stresses or pulses which you feel as much as you hear. You're getting it right - hang on in there!
John Hansen from Gondwana Land on July 12, 2014:
Counting syllables makes me stress out,
It isn't what limericks are about.
The rhythm and pulse,
Above everything else,
Makes these silly verses stand out.
Great hub Paraglider. I have become addicted to writing limericks, but someone told me they had to be 8, 8, 5, 5, 8 syllables, so I was worried that some of mine were not really limericks but just nonsense verse. The info on this hub is helpful.
chrisxiv on April 20, 2013:
Sadly I'm not a native speaker, perhaps this makes it more complicated for me. And having a science degree doesn't help much in understanding, if it lacks logic. :-) That was why I tried to find a rational rule that would explain it to me. Your guide is really good, by the way. However, in this rhythm question I have to listen to my senses, instincts and feelings, if I'm not wrong. (I don't have any musical abilities, I don't play any of the instruments & I can't sing/dance either - supposedly these would help me, as well).
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on April 20, 2013:
Hi Chris - counting syllables only works for syllabic forms like Haiku. For metrical forms like Limericks, the pulse and rhythm are what matter.
chrisxiv on April 20, 2013:
There once was a girl, who was called Chris,
And she was fully confused by this.
She just wanted to write,
But felt as an outright,
From Limerick, she moved to Paris.
(This was created for this entry. This is not one of my best lims, even in my opinion! :-D)
chrisxiv on April 20, 2013:
Hi Paraglider, thanks for the reply. It makes more sense now, indeed. But, I felt much better when I didn't worry about the stresses. Stresses cause me stress. I knew the basic rules: 5 lines, rhyme-pattern of AABBA, and the syllables (1st, 2nd, 5th: must be somewhere between 7 & 10 syllables, and lines 3rd, 4th: between 5-7 syllables). It was enough for me, but people started to talk about the lack of the ordinary limerick rhythm-pattern. Perhaps I'll ignore it again. :-)
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on April 19, 2013:
Chris - you are confusing the long/short distinction with the stressed/unstressed one. The stress depends on the underlying beat pattern. Of course it is also true that naturally strong words are best in the stressed positions in the line, and naturally weak words are best not promoted by placing them in stressed positions. Does that help?
chrisxiv on April 19, 2013:
Hi, I've got a question. The words like 'was', 'cat', 'man', etc. are considered to be short beats, or vowels, but in limerick writing everybody seems to use them as long ones. It confuses me a bit, because I can't see the logic in it. And how can these two be the same rhythm pattern (da DUM da):
'there ONCE was...'
vs,
'there WAS...'
So, how can we use the same word once as a short beat, and next time as a long?' Sorry for the silly questions, but since I started to write limericks according to the rules, I lost all my confidence in it. Beforehand, I wrote dozens of them - although, they might not count as limericks in the light of the rules. :-)
Thank you for your reply in advance,
Best wishes,
Chris
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on March 11, 2013:
Hi ping pong - thanks for responding in kind :)
ping pong on March 10, 2013:
There was a young fellow named Tim
Whose dad never taught him to swim
He fell of a dock
sunk like a rock
And that was the end of him
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on January 31, 2013:
Hi Alecia - I don't think so, but good to 'meet' you :)
Alecia Dean on January 31, 2013:
Hey Paraglider. Do I know you? I like your work.
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on December 06, 2012:
Except that your fifth line should rhyme with lines 1 & 2. Try another?
ping pong on December 06, 2012:
I think there's something wrong
with a game called ping pong
I will not say
why it's called this way
just say table tennis instead
just asking if its okay
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on November 19, 2012:
Dana Teresa - thanks for finding this old hub. Limericks can be a lot of fun. Composing them in your head is also a good way to pass time in a traffic jam!
Dana Strang from Ohio on November 19, 2012:
By the limerick bug I was bit
Did not know at all how to write it
Your great hub wish I had
I would not have gone mad
When I learned to write them bit by bit
....well, you get the idea. i have always loved limericks. a little but funny. a little bit naughy. a lot like me! Learning to write them has been a lot of fun. i have done it with a little research and a lot of practice. i have been getting some great responses. this is a wonderful explaination of what exactly these silly little poems are. there are a lot more complex than a lot of people give them credit for. nice job with this.
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on October 27, 2011:
Thanks bunco :)
the bunco squad from Savannah GA on October 27, 2011:
There once was a man from chilli
Who had hundred of warts on his willy
He went to a nurse
And spoke of his cure
They were married last week in Philli
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on October 04, 2011:
Thank you :)
gulnazahmad on October 04, 2011:
very informative, thanks for sharing. voted up!
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on September 13, 2011:
Nice one - thanks for contributing in kind :)
Verlie Burroughs from Canada on September 08, 2011:
Sorry about the typo paraglider, please may I try again?
I thought I would sure like to try
But my efforts are making me cry!
Though I shouldn't care
If the feeling is there
and the humour is reasonably wry
Verlie Burroughs from Canada on September 07, 2011:
I thought I would sure like to try
But my efforts are making me cry
ThoI shouldn't care
if the feeling is there
and the humour is reasonbly wry
Tony Vink on December 01, 2010:
a knife... ;-)
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on December 01, 2010:
I haven't a clue, Tony, but thanks anyway, for the limerick riddle :)
Tony Vink on December 01, 2010:
sometimes when teammates are pulling manoeuvers,
they craftily try to sell you down the river,
I say: “do not yield!”
this tool you should wield
with a swish and swipe just graze, cut or sever!
what is it?
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on October 25, 2010:
Nice one, MM - thanks :)
MidnightMadwoman on October 24, 2010:
I won't leave the house underdressed
Shoes shined and pants freshly pressed
The whites of my eyes
Are DKNY
I've a Calvin Klein heart in my chest
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on September 24, 2010:
A limerick's good for a laugh.
So what if it turns out naff?
Abandon it. Start
on another. Take heart -
you will soon sort the wheat from the chaff!
psychlist from East Tennessee on September 24, 2010:
Do you focus on idea first or rhyme?
And do you do it the same every time?
I would pay good money
To make up something funny
Or compelling or insightful or sublime.
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on September 24, 2010:
Well, Art for Art's sake is OK
and surely a pleasanter way
to cure disappointment
than potions or ointment
applied to the head every day!
psychlist from East Tennessee on September 23, 2010:
By the writing craft I've been bitten
The desire to be published has me smitten
The most difficult part
Seems to be how to start...
Maybe I just want to have written
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on July 31, 2010:
Hi KFlippin - please do. All limericks welcome!
KFlippin from Amazon on July 30, 2010:
Entertaining hub! Plan to come back and read again tomorrow and try my hand at a limerick.
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on June 06, 2010:
If that was a first, it's OK
I'd say that you're well on the way
to notching a score
of a dozen or more
if you trot a few out every day!
ATTEMPTED HUMOUR on June 06, 2010:
I'm a Pommie who's new to this game
So let's hope my writing's not lame
I'll just take my time
With the rhythm and rhyme
And if it's not right you're to blame
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on May 04, 2010:
Hey Gus - if you look overhead
there's a lady who can't go to bed
until she's explored
ways of not being bored...
(or at least I think that's what she said!)
Gustave Kilthau from USA on May 03, 2010:
Paraglider - A fun article with good explanations and great examples. Limericks are both the worst and the best of poems.
Gus :-)))
Kim Harris on April 19, 2010:
To see if I've got this right,
And not seem completely trite,
I have to say
it's an odd way
For a lady to pass the night.
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on March 06, 2010:
Hi Moulik - thanks for the visit :)
Moulik Mistry from Burdwan, West Bengal, India on March 06, 2010:
Beautiful lesson for a budding poet, thank you...
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on October 19, 2009:
Hi Deborah-Lynn - glad you enjoyed. Keep on rhyming :)
Deborah-Lynn from Los Angeles, California on October 19, 2009:
What talented audacious fun
no wonder the bawdy have come
you put me to shame
but no ones' to blame
I just wrote this rhyme on the run!
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on August 26, 2009:
Hi Tony - surprisingly enough, I hadn't heard that one before!
Tony McGregor from South Africa on August 26, 2009:
I love limericks though confess I've never tried to write one. Just share this one which at one stage was adjudged the best ever, don't know if you've seen it before:
There was a young plumber from Dee
Who plumbed a young lass by the see.
Said she, cease your plumbing
I hear someone coming.
Said he, still plumbing, it's me!
Love and peace
Tony
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on July 20, 2009:
A natural cure for urbanity,
to write them appeals to our vanity.
Though slightly restrictive
the form is addictive
and sometimes can lead to insanity.
Thanks Marco :)
marcofratelli from Australia on July 20, 2009:
It's all I've been doing here lately
These lim'ricks keep rollin' on out o' me
From the land of the koala
Take my hat off, thank allah
Much respect, I've enjoyed it greatly :)
Nancy Hinchliff from Essex Junction, Vermont on July 16, 2009:
I thank you my friend from my heart.
I see that you're doing your part
to start a new forum
for limericks ad lorem.
Just hope they will rocket, not fart.
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on July 16, 2009:
A forum? I'll post one in Arts
tomorrow. We'll see if it starts
a limerick flurry.
There's nothing to worry
about if it rockets, or farts...
Nancy Hinchliff from Essex Junction, Vermont on July 16, 2009:
Please revive your limerick writing fun......I'll start
Now, PG, you see what you've done.
These hubbers are all having fun
creating a batch
of limericks from scratch
and posting them one after one.
So, why don't you post a request?
for hubbers to all try their best
a limerick to write
all out in plain sight.
Make a forum a fun writing fest.
Shalini Kagal from India on December 12, 2008:
Amanda Severn’s Donkey Oatey
Has a following old, grey and motley
There’s Sancho Panzass
B.T. adds the pizzazz
Old Cervantes he ne’er got so arty!
Mandy.....where are you????
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on December 12, 2008:
Dear ladies (may I call you fans?)
we're none of us mere also-rans.
We write to provoke
to complain or to joke,
not to forward nefarious plans!
Shalini Kagal from India on December 11, 2008:
He’ll write you a limerick ‘how to’
Or even a wine how to home brew
But when lads ask him how
Fair ladies to wow
That’s something he just won’t get into :)
countrywomen from Washington, USA on December 11, 2008:
Gwendy I would beg to differ
anyday your words I prefer
when your presence's on offer
no one would never ever suffer
paraglider don't worry about clicks
when you have impressed us chicks
who don't care if you are a millionaire
since we are so charmed with your flair
gwendymom from Oklahoma on December 11, 2008:
Paraglider, I am not much of a writer, I try my best, but I have to attest I am not among the best
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on December 11, 2008:
With Adsense a penny a click
we'll make you a millionaire quick
as long as your writing
is flash and exciting
not tepid or turgid or sick!
Keep them coming, ladies :)
gwendymom from Oklahoma on December 11, 2008:
You guys are so cute you should be making lots of loot here at hp, where we seem to write for free
I tried.
countrywomen from Washington, USA on December 11, 2008:
Paraglider that limerick was so funny
thanks for saying that I make it "sunny"
to me your words are as sweet as honey
which brings more happiness than money
Dave McClure (author) from Worcester, UK on December 11, 2008:
I'm here for the fun of it, Honey,
with no expectation of money.
It's for people like you
that I do what I do.
You make every day turn out sunny!
Thanks for being first to contribute in kind :)
countrywomen from Washington, USA on December 11, 2008:
There is a wise man called Paraglider
whom many consider a knowledge provider
here on hubpages
without any wages
everyday whose audience is getting wider
